By Muhammad’s time, the Quraysh tribe’s control of the Ka’ba had made Mecca the commercial and religious capital of Arabia, and its leading families had become wealthy oligarchs. The Banu Makhzum and Banu Umayya clans dominated Meccan commerce. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb (leader of the Banu Umayya) became the principal opponent of Muhammad’s mission — organizing the economic boycott of the Banu Hashim clan, leading Meccan armies against the Muslims at Badr (624 AD), Uhud (625 AD), and the Battle of the Trench (627 AD). The Meccan oligarchy’s opposition to Islam was partly theological (monotheism threatened the polytheistic pilgrim economy) and partly social (Muhammad’s egalitarian message threatened tribal hierarchy). Abu Sufyan ultimately converted to Islam at the conquest of Mecca (630 AD). His son Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan would found the Umayyad Caliphate — the first hereditary Islamic dynasty.