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Kharijites
The Kharijites (‘those who went out’) are the first major schismatic movement in Islam, emerging from the Battle of Siffin (657 AD) when Ali ibn Abi Talib agreed to arbitration with Muawiyah over the caliphate. A faction of Ali’s own supporters considered this a capitulation to human judgment over God’s — their slogan: ‘Judgment belongs to God alone’ (la hukma illa lillah). They withdrew from Ali and eventually assassinated him in 661 AD. The Kharijites held that any Muslim who committed a major sin was an apostate, that the caliph could be any Muslim man of good character (not necessarily from Quraysh or from Ali’s family), and that rebellion against unjust rulers was a religious duty. Their uncompromising stance made them both revolutionary and fragmented — they splintered into dozens of sub-sects. Most were violently suppressed. The only surviving Kharijite tradition is the Ibadi, which moderated the most extreme Kharijite positions.