Kenosis (Greek: ’emptying’) is the Christological doctrine based on Philippians 2:7 — Christ ’emptied himself’ (heauton ekenosen) in taking human form. The classical tradition interpreted kenosis as Christ hiding or veiling his divine attributes (omniscience, omnipotence) while remaining fully divine. 19th century kenotic theology — developed by Lutheran and Anglican theologians (Thomasius, Gore, Mackintosh) — takes the kenosis more literally: in the Incarnation, the eternal Son actually limited himself, genuinely surrendering certain divine attributes (omniscience, omnipotence) in order to live a fully human life. This explains how Jesus could be genuinely ignorant (Mark 13:32 — ‘no one knows the day or the hour, not even the Son’) and genuinely tempted. 20th century kenotic theology (von Balthasar, Moltmann) extends the concept to speak of God’s self-limitation in creation (tzimtzum-like) and God’s genuine vulnerability and suffering in the cross.