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Sharia
Sharia (Arabic: ‘the path to the watering hole,’ sometimes ‘the straight path’) is Islamic law as a comprehensive religious and ethical system governing all aspects of life — worship, personal conduct, family law, commerce, criminal law, and governance. Sharia is not a single fixed code but a scholarly tradition of deriving rules from the sources: Quran, Sunnah (the Prophet’s practice as recorded in hadith), consensus (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). The body of derived rules is called fiqh (‘understanding’). Because fiqh is a human scholarly activity, it has always involved disagreement — the four Sunni legal schools (madhabs) represent different methodologies and traditions within the same overall Sharia framework. The contemporary debate about ‘imposing Sharia’ often confuses the eternal divine sources with specific historical human interpretations — what most Muslim scholars distinguish as Sharia (the divine ideal) versus fiqh (human approximations of it).