Fate: Jahm ibn Safwan was executed ~745 AD. The Jabriyya position was condemned by virtually all schools — Mutazilites, Asharis, Maturidis, and Hanbalis — as destroying moral responsibility and making God the author of evil. The name Jahmiyya (from Jahm) became a general insult for any excessively deterministic theology.

The Jabriyya (from jabr, compulsion) held that humans have absolutely no power of their own — every act, including sin, is directly created and compelled by God. Jahm ibn Safwan extended this to an extreme: humans are like feathers in the wind. He also held that God’s attributes (knowledge, power, will) are not real distinct attributes but identical with His essence — a position that anticipates the Mutazilite denial of divine attributes but from a different direction. The Jabriyya represent one pole of the free will debate that Islam never fully resolved: predestination (qadar) is a Quranic concept (Surah 54:49, 57:22) but so is human accountability (Surah 99:7-8). The tension between divine omnipotence and human responsibility is the Islamic version of the same dilemma that produces Pelagianism and Calvinism in Christianity.