Orthodox Judaism is not a movement that chose its name — it is the traditional practice that resisted the changes introduced by the Reform movement. The term ‘Orthodox’ was initially used derisively by Reformers to mock those who refused to modernize. The Orthodox insist that halakha (Jewish law) is divinely given and binding, that the Oral Torah has the same divine authority as the Written Torah, and that Jewish practice cannot be revised to accommodate modernity. Orthodox Judaism itself contains a significant internal spectrum: Modern Orthodoxy (engagement with secular culture while maintaining halakha, associated with Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch’s ‘Torah im Derech Eretz’ synthesis) and Haredi/Ultra-Orthodox (maximal separation from secular culture, rejection of Zionism in many communities, intensive Torah study as the primary vocation for men).