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Karaite-Khazar Scholarly Intersection
The intersection of Karaite Judaism and the Khazar world is historically layered. Karaism (founded by Anan ben David, ~8th century) spread through the Islamic and Byzantine worlds and reached the Crimea and Caucasus — territories overlapping with the Khazar Khaganate. Some scholars (including Golb and Pritsak in their analysis of the Kyiv Letter) argue that early Khazar Judaism may have had Karaite rather than Rabbinic characteristics, which would explain why Khazar Judaism left relatively sparse Talmudic literature. The Karaim of Crimea and Lithuania — Turkic-speaking Karaite communities — represent a genuine intersection of Karaite doctrine and Khazar steppe culture. Medieval Rabbinic authorities including Maimonides were aware of these communities and their distinctive practices. The Karaim of Lithuania (brought to Trakai by Grand Duke Vytautas ~1397 AD as palace guards) maintained their Turkic language into the modern period, with approximately 200–300 Karaim speakers remaining today — one of the smallest surviving Jewish linguistic communities in the world.