The berit (covenant) is the foundational legal-theological framework of the entire Abrahamic tradition. The covenant-making ritual of Genesis 15 — God passing as a smoking firepot between the divided animal halves — establishes the blood covenant as the mechanism by which divine promises are ratified. Blood is not merely symbolic but ontologically significant: ‘the life is in the blood’ (Leviticus 17:11). This principle underlies all subsequent atonement theology in all three traditions: something must die for the covenant to be established or restored. The blood covenant concept shapes: the Passover (blood on doorposts), the Sinai covenant ratification (‘Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the people,’ Exodus 24:8), the Last Supper (‘this is my blood of the covenant,’ Matthew 26:28), and Islamic sacrifice at Eid al-Adha. Even Islamic theology, which rejects blood sacrifice as atoning, retains the covenant framework through the concept of God’s primordial covenant with humanity (Quran 7:172 — the Day of Alast).