The State of Israel has absorbed communities with documented Khazar-region origins. The Mountain Jews (Juhuro) of the Caucasus have immigrated to Israel in large numbers — particularly during the Soviet Jewry movement of the 1970s and the post-1991 FSU immigration wave — forming a community estimated at 100,000–150,000 in Israel today, concentrated in Lod, Hadera, and greater Tel Aviv. The Krymchak community, nearly annihilated in the Holocaust (the Einsatzgruppen murdered approximately 6,000 of 7,000 Crimean Jews in 1941–42), has a small survivor and descendant community in Israel. The Karaim (Karaite Jews broadly, including the community tracing to Crimea) maintain a recognized community in Israel with their own religious courts — Karaites in Israel number approximately 40,000, primarily of Egyptian-Karaite origin with some Crimean-Karaite families. Israel’s Law of Return extends citizenship rights based on Jewish identity regardless of ethnic origin or genetic lineage, reflecting the Jewish legal principle that conversion creates full Jewish status — the principle that made the Khazar conversion historically legitimate in the first place.