Sources: Dennis Bennett, Nine O’Clock in the Morning (1960); the Charismatic Renewal at Notre Dame (1967); Vinson Synan, The Century of the Holy Spirit; Kilian McDonnell, Presence, Power, Praise.

The Charismatic Renewal (~1960–1967 AD) brought Pentecostal spirituality — particularly speaking in tongues (glossolalia) and other spiritual gifts — into mainline Protestant and Catholic churches, without requiring members to leave their denominations. The Episcopal trigger: Fr. Dennis Bennett reported speaking in tongues to his Van Nuys, California congregation in April 1960 — and was asked to resign. His story became national news and the Charismatic Renewal spread rapidly. The Catholic Charismatic Renewal began at a Duquesne University retreat (February 1967) and spread to Notre Dame and then worldwide. Key characteristics: (1) Baptism in the Holy Spirit as a subsequent experience (following water baptism and confirmation) evidenced by gifts; (2) Healing prayer — praying for physical and emotional healing as normal Christian practice; (3) Praise and worship music — contemporary musical worship style transforming Protestant and Catholic liturgical culture; (4) Small groups and community — covenant communities, Life in the Spirit seminars; (5) Ecumenism — the shared experience of the Spirit crossed denominational boundaries in unprecedented ways. The Charismatic Renewal intersects with the Third Wave (John Wimber, Vineyard), the Toronto Blessing (1994), and numerous independent charismatic networks. ~500 million Catholics and Protestants identify as charismatic or Pentecostal-influenced today.