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Khazar Jewish Diaspora
Following the Khaganate’s collapse, Khazar Jews dispersed across a wide geography. The most historically documented stream flowed into Crimea, where Jewish communities with identifiably Khazar characteristics persisted through the medieval period. The Khazar presence in Kievan Rus Jewish communities is attested by the Kyiv Letter and by the presence of Turkic-Khazar names in early Ashkenazi genealogical records. The relationship between Khazar Jews and the westward-migrating Ashkenazi communities from the Rhineland created a mixed Jewish population in Ukraine and Poland: Jews of ancient Israelite diaspora descent merging with Jews of converted Turkic descent. Whether this merger was numerically significant is debated — the genetic evidence (consistently showing Ashkenazi ancestry clustering with Middle Eastern populations) suggests the Khazar contribution, while real, did not dominate the Ashkenazi gene pool. The Khazar Jewish diaspora represents the most significant case in Jewish history of a large non-Israelite population being absorbed into the Jewish people through conversion and subsequent communal integration.