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Shafa’ah — Intercession
Shafa’ah (شَفَاعَة — ‘intercession’) is the doctrine that certain individuals — preeminently the Prophet Muhammad — will intercede with God on behalf of sinners on the Day of Judgment. The most important form is the ‘Great Intercession’ (al-shafa’a al-kubra): on the Day of Resurrection, when humanity is gathered and desperate, the Prophet Muhammad will be given permission by God to intercede for the entire community of believers, initiating the final judgment. Sunni theology accepts prophetic intercession as established by hadith, while insisting that God’s permission is necessary and that only the righteous benefit. The Mutazilites denied intercession on the grounds that it compromised divine justice. In Shia theology, intercession is extended to the Imams, Fatimah, and other holy figures — shrines at the tombs of Imams are sites of intercessory prayer (tawassul). Wahhabism/Salafism fiercely opposes intercession through the dead as shirk — this is one of the central disputes between Salafi and traditional Sunni/Shia theology. The doctrine of shafa’ah has structural parallels to Christian intercessory prayer and the veneration of saints.