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Islamic Republic of Iran
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 overthrows the Shah and establishes the world’s first modern Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The ideological foundation is Khomeini’s doctrine of wilayat al-faqih (guardianship of the Islamic jurist) — the argument that during the occultation of the 12th Imam, a qualified Islamic scholar (faqih) should exercise political authority on the Imam’s behalf. This is a significant theological innovation: traditional Twelver Shia scholarship had generally held that full Islamic governance should await the return of the 12th Imam. The Islamic Republic is simultaneously a major experiment in political Shia theology and a significant regional power. Its tensions with Saudi Arabia represent the contemporary institutionalization of the Sunni-Shia divide. The Islamic Republic exports its Shia revolutionary ideology through Hezbollah in Lebanon, support for Hamas, and various other regional proxies.