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Filioque Controversy
The filioque (‘and the Son’) is an addition to the Nicene Creed made by the Western church: the Holy Spirit ‘proceeds from the Father and the Son’ rather than (as the original Nicene text states) ‘from the Father.’ The addition was first made in Spain in the 6th century and universally adopted in the Frankish church under Charlemagne. Rome resisted at first but eventually adopted it in 1014 AD. The Eastern church considers this an illegitimate alteration of an ecumenical council’s creed — done unilaterally by the West — and a theological error (it introduces two principles of origin in the Trinity, whereas the Father alone is the source of the Son and the Spirit). The filioque is one of the primary stated theological causes of the Great Schism of 1054 AD, and its removal or modification remains a central issue in Catholic-Orthodox ecumenical dialogue.